Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe
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Multiple myeloma

Overview

Multiple myeloma is the cancer of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies. In patients with multiple myeloma, the cancerous plasma cells gather in the bone marrow, affectingthe production of normal blood cells. It accounts for 1% of all cancers and 10% of haematologic cancers, (cancers that affect blood cells, bone marrow and lymph nodes). Multiple myeloma is more common in older patients, with 70% of patients diagnosed aged 50-70 years old, and is twice as common in men as in women.

The condition may develop in one of four ways. Some patients may have multiple lesions on the bones in their head and trunk. Others may find they have a lower bone density than normal. Multiple myeloma may also present as a single large lesion in the spine or pelvis or as a bone hardening or increasing in density.

Symptoms

Some patients with multiple myeloma may experience hardly any symptoms, while others may have severe symptoms that require emergency treatment.

The main symptom of multiple myeloma is bone pain, which at first only occurs intermittently (comes and goes), but then becomes constant. The pain tends to be worse during the day, especially after physical activity or weight bearing. Other symptoms may include decreased red blood cell count (anaemia), kidney failure, too much protein in the urine, and too much calcium in the blood seen at laboratory tests.

Patients may also experience complications related to multiple myeloma, such as bone fractures, amyloidosis (the build-up of abnormal proteins in tissues and organs), recurrent infections, tumours made up of plasma cells, and nerve damage.

Diagnosis

Multiple myeloma is often incidentally diagnosed after routine blood tests for other conditions, though a bone marrow biopsy or sampling is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

It is essential for patients to have a skeletal survey (a series of X-rays of all the bones in the body), as this can be used not only to diagnose the extent of the disease but also to assess the patient’s response to treatment and predict potential complications such as fractures.

Other imaging techniques can be used to gather further information about the condition. MRI can be used to detect multiple lesions, while CT may be used to evaluate the soft tissue component outside the bone or the risk of fracture in severely affected bones. In order for your doctor to diagnose you as accurately as possible, a number of factors are needed, including physical examination, medical history, symptoms and laboratory test results.

Treatment

Although multiple myeloma currently remains incurable, there are a number of treatments which may extend the patient’s life. Chemotherapy can be used to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms, while drugs called bisphosphonates prevent the loss of bone mass and promote bone healing. If you experience anaemia, you may be treated with erythropoietin, which is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production.

A further possible treatment is stem-cell harvest, which can then be used to give you a stem cell transplant after you have undergone bone marrow ablation using chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This approach has had positive results for response and disease-free survival rates.

Multiple myeloma is very sensitive to radiation; therefore, radiotherapy can be used to treat lesions that are causing discomfort or pain, to stabilise bones at risk of fracture, and to treat cancer lesions which compress the spinal cord.

There are a number of minimally invasive techniques available, including vertebral and bone augmentation techniques, in which a bio-compatible cement is injected with a needle through the skin right into the area surrounding a fracture to stabilise it, reducing pain and improving mobility. Ablation techniques, in which the tumour cells are destroyed by a needle producing heat under imaging guidance, can also be used to control single cancerous lesions.

Bibliography

1. Saba HI, Mufti G. Advances in Malignant Hematology. Wiley-Blackwell (2011).
2. Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. Philadelphia.
3. Dähnert W. Radiology review manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2003).
4. Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV. Treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia. Mar 2009;23(3):449-56.